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Philip D. Greenberg

Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
Clinical Research


University of Washington
School of Medicine
Immunology
Professor     Appointed: 1988

University of Washington
School of Medicine
Medicine
Oncology
Professor     Appointed: 1988
Philip D. Greenberg
Mailing Address
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
1100 Fairview Avenue N., D3-100
P.O. Box 19024
Seattle, Washington 98109-1024
United States
Contact Information
Phone: (206) 543-8306
Fax: (206) 685-3128
pgreen@u.washington.edu
Qualifications
M.D. (Summa Cum Laude), University of California, San Diego, 1971
Degree, University of California, San Diego, Biology
Postdoctoral Training, University of California, San Diego
Expertise and Research Interests
Tumor and viral immunobiology

The overall goals of the laboratory are to elucidate principles underlying T cell recognition of viruses and cancer cells, determine why such responses often fail to eliminate the viral pathogen or cancer, and develop cellular and molecular approaches to manipulate cellular immunity to treat human viral and malignant diseases. Several ongoing projects are:

1. Immunobiology of malignancies.
Studies in transgenic mice are examining the requirements for inducing T cell responses to self-proteins over-expressed in tumors. The molecular basis for non-responsiveness to such potential therapeutic targets is being evaluated by studying gene expression in homogenous populations of tolerant transgenic T cells both biochemically and with microarrays, and strategies for rescuing function in such T cells are being investigated. Differential gene expression in human tumors is also being assessed to identify candidate human tumor antigens, and T cells reactive to such antigens are being generated and analyzed for the ability to selectively recognize malignant and not normal tissues. Clinical trials are currently being developed for the treatment of human leukemias by adoptive transfer of T cell clones previously expandedto large numbers in vitro that are specific for already identified over-expressed oncogenic proteins.

2. Genetic modification of T cells.
Many obstacles to generating or maintaining an effective T cell response to infections and tumors are being identified. Genetic modification of T cells via retroviral shuttle vectors provides a means to impart new functions or disrupt interfering or regulatory pathways, and expression in T cells of molecules such as chimeric receptors, homing receptors, signaling molecules, dominant-negative proteins, and siRNAs is being studied both in vitro and in vivo in murine models.

3. Immunobiology of HIV.
Studies are evaluating strategies to develop protective vaccine in a primate model, employing a hybrid SIV/HIV virus. A trial is being developed in which autologous SHIV-specific CD8+ T cell clones expanded in vitro are being administered with or without monoclonal neutralizing antibodies to uninfected macaques to determine the immunologic requirements for protection from infection and to define standards for the nature and magnitude of immune responses that must be achieved by vaccination strategies. Cellular and molecular assays are being used to monitor the persistence, function, and in vivo homing of these transferred T cells.
Other Expertise
Joined the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and the Division of Oncology at the University of Washington in 1976

Since 1988 he has also served as the Director of the Immunology Program of the UW Center for AIDS Research.
Keywords
COS Keywords: AIDS; Bone Marrow; Cardiovascular Biology; Cell Biology; Education; Epidemiology; Genetics; Growth Factor Receptors; Growth Factors; HIV; Immunobiology; Immunology; Immunotherapy; Inflammation; Lymphocytes; Molecular Biology; Oncology; Transgenic Animals; Transgenics
Additional Terms: AIDS; Blood Cells; Bone Marrow; Cardiac Disease Therapy; Cardiovascular Biology; Cell Biology; Cell-cell Interactions; Clinical Trials; Comparative Medicine; Cytokinesis; Diagnosis; Disease Manifestation; Drug Study; Education; Epidemiology; Genetic Disease; Genetics; Growth Factor; Growth Factor Receptors; HIV; Immunobiology; Immunology; Immunotherapy; Inflammation; Lymphocytes; Lymphoid Organs; Macrophages; Neutrophils; Oncology; Prevention; Regulation Gene Expression; SIV Infection; Specific Cancer; Therapy; Training; Transplantation; Treatment; Tumor Biology
Memberships
Alpha Omega Alpha
Previous Positions
1989- Professor, University of Washington
1988- Professor, University of Washington
1988- Director, University of Washington, Center for AIDS Research, Immunology
1983-1988, Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Washington
1991-present, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Immunology, Head
1982-1988, University of Washington, Associate Professor
Publications
  • Ohlen C, Kalos M, Hong DJ, Shur AC, Greenberg PD, Expression of a tolerizing tumor antigen in peripheral tissue does not preclude recovery of high-affinity CD8(+) T cells for CTL immunotherapy of tumors expressing the antigen, Journal of Immunology, 166(4):2863-70, 2001

  • Yee C, Thompson JA, Roche P, Byrd DR, Lee PP, Piepkorn M, Kenyon K, Davis MM, Riddell SR, Greenberg PD, Melanocyte destruction after antigen-specific immunotherapy of melanoma: direct evidence of t cell-mediated vitiligo, Journal of Experimental Medicine, 192(11):1637-44, 2000 Abstract

  • Cooper LJ, Kalos M, Lewinsohn DA, Riddell SR, Greenberg PD, Transfer of specificity for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 into primary human T lymphocytes by introduction of T-cell receptor genes, Journal of Virology, 74(17):8207-12, September 2000 Abstract

  • Evans LS, Witte PR, Feldhaus AL, Nelson BH, Riddell SR, Greenberg PD, Lupton SD, Jones LA, Expression of chimeric granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor/interleukin 2 receptors in human cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones results in granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-depen, Human Gene Therapy, 10(12):1941-51, 10 1999 Abstract

  • Greenberg PD, Riddell SR, Deficient cellular immunity--finding and fixing the defects., Science, 285(5427):546-51, 23 Jul 1999 Abstract

  • Lee PP, Yee C, Savage PA, Fong L, Brockstedt D, Weber JS, Johnson D, Swetter S, Thompson J, Greenberg PD, Roederer M, Davis MM, Characterization of circulating T cells specific for tumor-associated antigens in melanoma patients., Nat Med, 5(6):677-85, June 1999 Abstract

  • Yee C, Savage PA, Lee PP, Davis MM, Greenberg PD, Isolation of high avidity melanoma-reactive CTL from heterogeneous populations using peptide-MHC tetramers., Journal of Immunology, 162(4):2227-34, 15 Feb 1999 Abstract

  • Brodie SJ, Lewinsohn DA, Patterson BK, Jiyamapa D, Krieger J, Corey L, Greenberg PD, Riddell SR, In vivo migration and function of transferred HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T cells [see comments, Nat Med, 5(1):34-41, Jan 1999 Abstract

  • Greenberg P D, Finch R J, Gavin M A, Kalos M, Lewinsohn D A, Lonergan M, Lord J D, Nelson B H, Ohlen C, Sing A P, Warren E H, Yee C, Riddell S R, Genetic modification of T-cell clones for therapy of human viral and malignant diseases., Cancer Journal From Scientific American, 4 Suppl 1, S100-5, May 1998 Abstract

  • Warren E H, Greenberg P D, Riddell S R, Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-defined human minor histocompatibility antigens with a restricted tissue distribution., Blood, 91(6):2197-207, 15 Mar 1998 Abstract

  • Looney D J, McClure J, Kent S J, Radaelli A, Kraus G, Schmidt A, Steffy K, Greenberg P, Hu S L, Morton W R, Wong-Staal F, A minimally replicative HIV-2 live-virus vaccine protects M. nemestrina from disease after HIV-2(287) challenge., Virology, 242(1):150-60, 1 Mar 1998 Abstract

  • Yee C, Riddell S R, Greenberg P D, Prospects for adoptive T cell therapy., Current Opinion In Immunology, 9(5):702-8, October 1997 Abstract

  • Reichel M, Nelson B H, Greenberg P D, Rothman P B, The IL-4 receptor alpha-chain cytoplasmic domain is sufficient for activation of JAK-1 and STAT6 and the induction of IL-4-specific gene expression., Journal of Immunology, 158(12):5860-7, 15 Jun 1997 Abstract

  • Sing A P, Ambinder R F, Hong D J, Jensen M, Batten W, Petersdorf E, Greenberg P D, Isolation of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes that lyse Reed-Sternberg cells: implications for immune-mediated therapy of EBV+ Hodgkin's disease., Blood, 89(6):1978-86, 15 Mar 1997 Abstract

  • Nelson B H, McIntosh B C, Rosencrans L L, Greenberg P D, Requirement for an initial signal from the membrane-proximal region of the interleukin 2 receptor gamma(c) chain for Janus kinase activation leading to T cell proliferation., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 94(5):1878-83, 4 Mar 1997 Abstract

  • Kent S J, Greenberg P D, Hoffman M C, Akridge R E, McElrath M J, Antagonism of vaccine-induced HIV-1-specific CD4+ T cells by primary HIV-1 infection: potential mechanism of vaccine failure., Journal of Immunology, 158(2):807-15, 15 Jan 1997 Abstract

  • Yee C, Gilbert M J, Riddell S R, Brichard V G, Fefer A, Thompson J A, Boon T, Greenberg P D, Isolation of tyrosinase-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cell clones from the peripheral blood of melanoma patients following in vitro stimulation with recombinant vaccinia virus., Journal of Immunology, 157(9):4079-86, 1 Nov 1996 Abstract

  • Gilbert M J, Riddell S R, Plachter B, Greenberg P D, Cytomegalovirus selectively blocks antigen processing and presentation of its immediate-early gene product., Nature, 383(6602):720-2, 24 Oct 1996 Abstract

  • Kent S J, Hu S L, Corey L, Morton W R, Greenberg P D, Detection of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-specific CD8+ T cells in macaques protected from SIV challenge by prior SIV subunit vaccination., Journal of Virology, 70(8):4941-7, August 1996 Abstract

  • McElrath M J, Corey L, Greenberg P D, Matthews T J, Montefiori D C, Rowen L, Hood L, Mullins J I, Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection despite prior immunization with a recombinant envelope vaccine regimen., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 93(9):3972-7, 30 Apr 1996 Abstract

  • Riddell S R, Elliott M, Lewinsohn D A, Gilbert M J, Wilson L, Manley S A, Lupton S D, Overell R W, Reynolds T C, Corey L, Greenberg P D, T-cell mediated rejection of gene-modified HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in HIV-infected patients, Nature Medicine, 2(2):216-23, February 1996 Abstract

  • Riddell, S.R., Elliot, M., Lewinsohn, D.A., Gilbert, M.J., Wilson, L., Manley, S.A., Lupton, S.D., Overell, R.W., Reynolds, T.C., Corey, L., and Greenberg, P.D. (1996). T cell mediated rejection of gene-modified HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in HIV-infected patients. Nat. Med. 2:216-223

  • Nelson B H, Lord J D, Greenberg P D, A membrane-proximal region of the interleukin-2 receptor gamma c chain sufficient for Jak kinase activation and induction of proliferation in T cells., Molecular and Cellular Biology, 16(1):309-17, January 1996 Abstract

  • Walter E A, Greenberg P D, Gilbert M J, Finch R J, Watanabe K S, Thomas E D, Riddell S R, Reconstitution of cellular immunity against cytomegalovirus in recipients of allogeneic bone marrow by transfer of T-cell clones from the donor [see comments], New England Journal of Medicine, 333(16):1038-44, 19 Oct 1995 Abstract

  • Riddell S R, Greenberg P D, Cellular adoptive immunotherapy after bone marrow transplantation., Cancer Treatment and Research, 76, 337-69, 1995 Abstract

  • Riddell S R, Greenberg P D, Principles for adoptive T cell therapy of human viral diseases., Annual Review of Immunology, 13, 545-86, 1995 Abstract

  • Kent S J, Corey L, Agy M B, Morton W R, McElrath M J, Greenberg P D, Cytotoxic and proliferative T cell responses in HIV-1-infected Macaca nemestrina., Journal of Clinical Investigation, 95(1):248-56, January 1995 Abstract

  • Orsatti G, Greenberg P D, Rolfes D B, Ishak K G, Paronetto F, DNA ploidy of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma by image analysis., Human Pathology, 25(9):936-9, September 1994 Abstract

  • Nagoya S, Greenberg P D, Yee C, Weisser K E, Sugawara H, Widmer M B, Slack J, Dower S K, Lupton S D, Overell R W, Helper T cell-independent proliferation of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes transduced with an IL-1 receptor retrovirus., Journal of Immunology, 153(4):1527-35, 15 Aug 1994 Abstract

  • McElrath M J, Rabin M, Hoffman M, Klucking S, Garcia J V, Greenberg P D, Evaluation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses utilizing B-lymphoblastoid cell lines transduced with the CD4 gene and infected with HIV-1., Journal of Virology, 68(8):5074-83, August 1994 Abstract

  • Nelson B H, Lord J D, Greenberg P D, Cytoplasmic domains of the interleukin-2 receptor beta and gamma chains mediate the signal for T-cell proliferation., Nature, 369(6478):333-6, 26 May 1994 Abstract

  • Kent S J, Stallard V, Corey L, Hu S L, Morton W R, Gritz L, Panicali D L, Greenberg P D, Analysis of cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to SIV proteins in SIV-infected macaques using antigen-specific stimulation with recombinant vaccinia and fowl poxviruses., Aids Research and Human Retroviruses, 10(5):551-60, May 1994 Abstract

  • McElrath M J, Hoffman M, Kluckling S, Corey L, Greenberg P D, HIV-infected macrophages as efficient stimulator cells for detection of cytotoxic T cell responses to HIV in seronegative and seropositive vaccine recipients., Aids Research and Human Retroviruses, 10(5):541-9, May 1994 Abstract

  • McLaughlin-Taylor E, Pande H, Forman S J, Tanamachi B, Li C R, Zaia J A, Greenberg P D, Riddell S R, Identification of the major late human cytomegalovirus matrix protein pp65 as a target antigen for CD8+ virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes., Journal of Medical Virology, 43(1):103-10, May 1994 Abstract

  • Li C R, Greenberg P D, Gilbert M J, Goodrich J M, Riddell S R, Recovery of HLA-restricted cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific T-cell responses after allogeneic bone marrow transplant: correlation with CMV disease and effect of ganciclovir prophylaxis., Blood, 83(7):1971-9, 1 Apr 1994 Abstract

  • Nelson, B., Lord, J.B. and Greenberg, P.D. (1994). Cytoplasmic domains of the IL-2 receptor ß and gamma chains mediate the signal for T cell proliferation. Nature 369:333-336

  • Greenberg P D, Nelson B, Gilbert M, Sing A, Yee C, Jensen M, Riddell S R, Genetic modification of T cell clones to improve the safety and efficacy of adoptive T cell therapy., Ciba Foundation Symposium, 187, 212-23; discussion 2, 1994 Abstract

  • McElrath M J, Corey L, Berger D, Hoffman M C, Klucking S, Dragavon J, Peterson E, Greenberg P D, Immune responses elicited by recombinant vaccinia-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope and HIV envelope protein: analysis of the durability of responses and effect of repeated boosting., Journal of Infectious Diseases, 169(1):41-7, January 1994 Abstract

  • Riddell S R, Greenberg P D, Therapeutic reconstitution of human viral immunity by adoptive transfer of cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones., Current Topics In Microbiology and Immunology, 189, 9-34, 1994 Abstract

  • McElrath M J, Corey L, Greenberg P D, Evaluation of cytotoxic T cell responses to candidate HIV-1 vaccines in HIV-1-uninfected individuals., Aids Research and Human Retroviruses, 10 Suppl 2, S69-72, 1994 Abstract

  • Riddell S R, Walter B A, Gilbert M J, Greenberg P D, Selective reconstitution of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in immunodeficient bone marrow transplant recipients by the adoptive transfer of T cell clones., Bone Marrow Transplantation, 14 Suppl 4, S78-84, 1994 Abstract

  • Gavin M A, Gilbert M J, Riddell S R, Greenberg P D, Bevan M J, Alkali hydrolysis of recombinant proteins allows for the rapid identification of class I MHC-restricted CTL epitopes., Journal of Immunology, 151(8):3971-80, 15 Oct 1993 Abstract

  • Riddell S R, Gilbert M J, Greenberg P D, CD8+ cytotoxic T cell therapy of cytomegalovirus and HIV infection., Current Opinion In Immunology, 5(4):484-91, August 1993 Abstract

  • Hu J, Kindsvogel W, Busby S, Bailey M C, Shi Y Y, Greenberg P D, An evaluation of the potential to use tumor-associated antigens as targets for antitumor T cell therapy using transgenic mice expressing a retroviral tumor antigen in normal lymphoid tissues., Journal of Experimental Medicine, 177(6):1681-90, 1 Jun 1993 Abstract

  • Gilbert M J, Riddell S R, Li C R, Greenberg P D, Selective interference with class I major histocompatibility complex presentation of the major immediate-early protein following infection with human cytomegalovirus., Journal of Virology, 67(6):3461-9, June 1993 Abstract

  • Mosier D E, Gulizia R J, MacIsaac P D, Corey L, Greenberg P D, Resistance to human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection of SCID mice reconstituted with peripheral blood leukocytes from donors vaccinated with vaccinia gp160 and recombinant gp160., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 90(6):2443-7, 15 Mar 1993 Abstract

  • Cooney E L, McElrath M J, Corey L, Hu S L, Collier A C, Arditti D, Hoffman M, Coombs R W, Smith G E, Greenberg P D, Enhanced immunity to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope elicited by a combined vaccine regimen consisting of priming with a vaccinia recombinant expressing HIV envelope and boosting with gp16, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 90(5):1882-6, 1 Mar 1993 Abstract

  • Hu, J., Kindsvogel, W., Busby, S., Bailey, M.D., Shi, Y.-Y. and Greenberg, P.D. (1993). Expression of a retroviral tumor antigen in lymphoid tissues of transgenic mice: A model for studying a tumor-associated antigen as a target of anti-tumor T cell therapy. J. Exp. Med. 177:1681-1690

  • Mosier D E, Gulizia R J, MacIsaac P, Mathieson B J, Smith G, Hu S L, Corey L, Greenberg P, Evaluation of gp160 vaccinees in the hu-PBL-SCID mouse model., Aids Research and Human Retroviruses, 8(8):1387, August 1992 Abstract

  • Greenberg P D, Riddell S R, Tumor-specific T-cell immunity: ready for prime time? [editorial; comment], Journal of The National Cancer Institute, 84(14):1059-61, 15 Jul 1992 Abstract

  • Riddell S R, Watanabe K S, Goodrich J M, Li C R, Agha M E, Greenberg P D, Restoration of viral immunity in immunodeficient humans by the adoptive transfer of T cell clones, Science, 257(5067):238-41, 10 Jul 1992 Abstract

  • Riddell S R, Greenberg P D, Overell R W, Loughran T P, Gilbert M J, Lupton S D, Agosti J, Scheeler S, Coombs R W, Corey L, Phase I study of cellular adoptive immunotherapy using genetically modified CD8+ HIV-specific T cells for HIV seropositive patients undergoing allogeneic bone marrow transplant. The Fred Hutchinson Ca, Human Gene Therapy, 3(3):319-38, June 1992 Abstract

  • Greenberg P, Immunopathogenesis of HIV infection., Hospital Practice, 27(2):109-17, 121, 124, 15 Feb 1992 Abstract

  • Schultz K R, Badger C C, Dombi G W, Greenberg P D, Bernstein I D, Effect of interleukin-2 on biodistribution of monoclonal antibody in tumor and normal tissues in mice bearing SL-2 thymoma., Journal of The National Cancer Institute, 84(2):109-13, 15 Jan 1992 Abstract

  • Riddell, S., Watanabe, K., Goodrich, J., Li, C., Agha, M. and Greenberg, P. (1992). Restoration of viral immunity in immunodeficient humans by the adoptive transfer of T cell clones. Science 257:238-241

  • Greenberg P D, Reusser P, Goodrich J M, Riddell S R, Development of a treatment regimen for human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in bone marrow transplantation recipients by adoptive transfer of donor-derived CMV-specific T cell clones expanded in vitr, Annals of The New York Academy of Sciences, 636, 184-95, 30 Dec 1991 Abstract

  • Riddell S R, Reusser P, Greenberg P D, Cytotoxic T cells specific for cytomegalovirus: a potential therapy for immunocompromised patients., Reviews of Infectious Diseases, 13 Suppl 11, S966-73, Autumn 1991 Abstract

  • Reusser P, Riddell S R, Meyers J D, Greenberg P D, Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response to cytomegalovirus after human allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: pattern of recovery and correlation with cytomegalovirus infection and disease., Blood, 78(5):1373-80, 1 Sep 1991 Abstract

  • Crossland K D, Lee V K, Chen W, Riddell S R, Greenberg P D, Cheever M A, T cells from tumor-immune mice nonspecifically expanded in vitro with anti-CD3 plus IL-2 retain specific function in vitro and can eradicate disseminated leukemia in vivo., Journal of Immunology, 146(12):4414-20, 15 Jun 1991 Abstract

  • Greenberg P, Goodrich J, Riddell S, Adoptive immunotherapy of human cytomegalovirus infection: potential role in protection from disease progression., Transplantation Proceedings, 23(3 Suppl 3):97-101, June 1991 Abstract

  • Kahn M, Sugawara H, McGowan P, Okuno K, Nagoya S, Hellstrom K E, Hellstrom I, Greenberg P, CD4+ T cell clones specific for the human p97 melanoma-associated antigen can eradicate pulmonary metastases from a murine tumor expressing the p97 antigen., Journal of Immunology, 146(9):3235-41, 1 May 1991 Abstract

  • Riddell S R, Rabin M, Geballe A P, Britt W J, Greenberg P D, Class I MHC-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte recognition of cells infected with human cytomegalovirus does not require endogenous viral gene expression., Journal of Immunology, 146(8):2795-804, 15 Apr 1991 Abstract

  • Cooney E L, Collier A C, Greenberg P D, Coombs R W, Zarling J, Arditti D E, Hoffman M C, Hu S L, Corey L, Safety of and immunological response to a recombinant vaccinia virus vaccine expressing HIV envelope glycoprotein, Lancet, 337(8741):567-72, 9 Mar 1991 Abstract

  • Greenberg P D, Adoptive T cell therapy of tumors: mechanisms operative in the recognition and elimination of tumor cells., Advances In Immunology, 49, 281-355, 1991 Abstract

  • Kern D E, Klarnet J P, Cheever M A, Greenberg P D, Requirements for the generation of a Lyt-2+ T-cell proliferative response to a syngeneic tumor in the absence of L3T4+ T-cells., Cancer Research, 50(19):6256-63, 1 Oct 1990 Abstract

  • Schultz K R, Klarnet J P, Peace D J, Cheever M A, Badger C C, Bernstein I D, Greenberg P D, Monoclonal antibody therapy of murine lymphoma: enhanced efficacy by concurrent administration of interleukin 2 or lymphokine-activated killer cells., Cancer Research, 50(17):5421-5, 1 Sep 1990 Abstract

  • Schultz K R, Klarnet J P, Gieni R S, HayGlass K T, Greenberg P D, The role of B cells for in vivo T cell responses to a Friend virus-induced leukemia., Science, 249(4971):921-3, 24 Aug 1990 Abstract

  • Riddell S R, Greenberg P D, The use of anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 monoclonal antibodies to clone and expand human antigen-specific T cells., Journal of Immunological Methods, 128(2):189-201, 17 Apr 1990 Abstract

  • Treisman J, Higuchi C M, Thompson J A, Gillis S, Lindgren C G, Kern D E, Ridell S R, Greenberg P D, Fefer A, Enhancement by interleukin 4 of interleukin 2- or antibody-induced proliferation of lymphocytes from interleukin 2-treated cancer patients., Cancer Research, 50(4):1160-4, 15 Feb 1990 Abstract

  • Klarnet J P, Kern D E, Okuno K, Holt C, Lilly F, Greenberg P D, FBL-reactive CD8+ cytotoxic and CD4+ helper T lymphocytes recognize distinct Friend murine leukemia virus-encoded antigens., Journal of Experimental Medicine, 169(2):457-67, 1 Feb 1989 Abstract
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Last Updated: Apr 8 2003.

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